Programming management data for a memory

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, systems, and data structures may operate to combine block management data with a portion of data, to generate error correction data for the combined portion, and to store the data, the block management data, the error correction data for the combined portion, and error correction data for the data in a memory. Methods, apparatus, systems, and data structures may operate to generate or store error correction data for each of a plurality of sectors of a page except for a particular sector in the page and combine block management data with the particular sector to generate a modified sector. Additionally, various methods, apparatus, systems, and data structures may operate to generate or store error correction data for the modified sector and combine the plurality of sectors, the error correction data for each of the plurality of sectors other than the particular page, and the block management data and the error correction data for the modified sector.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/698,455, filed Jan. 26, 2007, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Various embodiments described herein relate generally to non-volatilememory devices including error correction used in conjunction withnon-volatile memory devices.

BACKGROUND

An Error Correcting Code (ECC) engine is a device which performs aprocess of detecting and correcting errors to ensure the accuracy andintegrity of data during a data transmission. Typically, in memorysystems, a memory controller writes data and ECC data to the memorydevice. The ECC data is used by the controller during a read operationto identify and correct errors that may have occurred since the data waswritten to the memory.

Memory devices can be categorized in two broad areas: volatile andnon-volatile. Volatile memory devices require power to maintain data,while non volatile memories are capable of maintaining data in theabsence of a power supply. An example of a non-volatile memory is theflash memory that stores information in a semiconductor device withoutthe need for power to maintain the information in the chip.

Flash memory can be built using either NOR or NAND devices. NAND flashcan be either of single-level cell (SLC) or multi-level cell (MLC)configuration. MLC NAND flash allows for a higher density memory devicein comparison to SLC NAND flash because it allows the storage of two ormore data bits in each memory cell. With the use of multiple levels toincrease the memory density, more errors can occur during programming ofthe MLC NAND and an efficient error correction scheme is needed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a memory system, according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram showing the organization ofarrays of memory cells in a memory system, according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of a NAND flash memory array,according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram showing the distribution of thresholdvoltages of the multi-level cell (MLC) array shown in FIG. 3, accordingto various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a system showing an errorcorrection apparatus, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram showing a method of programming a pagein a NAND flash memory, according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate data structures of a page showing ECCcombined with four sectors and block management data, according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7C illustrates a data structure of a page showing ECC combined witheight sectors and block management data, according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram showing a method of performing errorcorrection in a NAND flash memory, according to various embodiments ofthe invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram showing a method of performing errorcorrection in a NAND flash memory, according to various embodiments ofthe invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a memory system 100, according tovarious embodiments of the invention. In various embodiments, system 100includes an integrated circuit memory 120 and a controller 110. Memory120 includes an array of non-volatile floating gate memory cells 122,address circuitry 124, control circuit 126, Input/Output (I/O) circuitry128, and error correction system 130. Memory array 122 may also bereferred to as an array of flash memory cells because blocks of memorycells are typically erased concurrently, in a ‘flash’ operation. Invarious embodiments, the memory array comprises a NAND Flash memoryarray.

In various embodiments, a control circuit 126 is provided to managememory operations, such as read, write and erase operations. Asexplained below, one memory operation performed by the memory controlcircuit 126 includes an internal data move operation.

In various embodiments, memory 120 may be coupled to a processor orother memory controller 110 for accessing the memory array 122. Invarious embodiments, memory 120 may be coupled to a processor (notshown) and may form part of an electronic system. The novel apparatusand systems of various embodiments may comprise and/or be included inelectronic circuitry used in high-speed computers, communication andsignal processing circuitry, single or multi-processor modules, singleor multiple embedded processors, multi-core processors, data switches,and application-specific modules including multilayer, multi-chipmodules. Such apparatus and systems may further be included assub-components within a variety of electronic systems, such astelevisions, cellular telephones, personal computers (e.g., laptopcomputers, desktop computers, handheld computers, tablet computers,etc.), workstations, radios, video players, audio players (e.g., MP3(Motion Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer 3) players), vehicles,medical devices (e.g., heart monitor, blood pressure monitor, etc.), settop boxes, and others. Some embodiments may include a number of methods.

Memory 120 receives control signals across I/O lines 132 from aprocessor in controller 110 to control access to the memory array 122via control circuitry 126. Access to the memory array 122 is directed toone or more target memory cells in response to address signals receivedacross I/O lines 132. Once the array 122 is accessed in response to thecontrol signals and the address signals, data can be written to or readfrom the memory cells across I/O lines 132.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additionalcircuitry and control signals may be provided, and that the memorydevice of FIG. 1 has been simplified to help focus on the embodiments ofthe invention. It will be understood that the above description of amemory device is intended to provide a general understanding of thememory and is not a complete description of all the elements andfeatures of a typical memory device.

In various embodiments, system 100 includes an error correction system130 for storing ECC information provided by controller 110. Errorcorrection system 130 may store an indication of the ECC scheme employedby the controller, for example Hamming, BCH, or Reed-Solomon coded, etc.In addition to the type of ECC used by the controller, error correctionsystem 130 can store an address, or offset, of the location of the ECCdata bytes associated with array data.

The system 100, in some embodiments, may comprise a processor (notshown) coupled to a display and/or a wireless transceiver. The memoryarray(s) 122 included in the memory 120 may also be operatively coupledto the processor.

In some embodiments, the system 100 may comprise a camera, including alens and an imaging plane to couple to a processor. The imaging planemay be used to receive light captured by the lens.

Many variations are possible. For example, in some embodiments, thesystem 100 may comprise a cellular telephone receiver (not shown)forming a portion of the wireless transceiver. In some embodiments, thesystem 100 may comprise an audio, video, or multi-media player,including a set of media playback controls to couple to the processor.

Any of the components previously described may be implemented in anumber of ways, including embodiments in software. Software embodimentsmay be used in a simulation system, and the output of such a system maybe used to operate various portions of the memory 129 and system 100described herein.

ECC techniques are well known in the art and are not listed or describedin detail herein. It will be understood that embodiments of theinvention can be implemented without limitation to a specific ECCcode(s). If an error is detected, the controller 110 can read the datafrom the memory 120 into a buffer of the controller, perform an ECCoperation to correct the error, and write the corrected data back intomemory 120.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram showing the organization ofarrays of memory cells in memory system 200, according to variousembodiments of the invention. Memory system 200 includes a block 202, adata register 204, a cache register 206, a data area 208, a spare area210, I/O ports 212 and a plane 214. The memory system 200 may compriseSLC or MLC memory, including NAND flash memory. The data are transferredto and from the NAND flash memory 200, byte by byte through the dataregister 204 and the cache register 206. The cache register 206 may belocated closest to I/O control circuits and acts as a data buffer forthe I/O data, whereas the data register 204 may be closest to the memoryarray and acts as a data buffer during the operation of the NAND flashmemory. In various embodiments, the length of data area 208 is definedas a “page”.

The memory is programmed and read in page-based operations, and iserased in block-based operations. During page operations, the data andcache registers may be tied together and act as a single register.During cache operations, the data and cache registers may operateindependently to increase data throughput.

NAND flash memory structured as shown in FIG. 2 may be composed ofblocks of pages. Each block may be composed of 16, 32, or 64 pages. Invarious embodiments, each page may have 512 bytes (216 words) in dataarea 208 and an extra 16 bytes (8 words) in spare area 210. In variousembodiments, each page may have 2048 bytes (1024 words) in data area 208and 64 bytes (32 words) in spare area 210. Spare area 210 may be used tostores bits used for marking invalid blocks during the productionprocess. Additionally, spare area 210 may be used to store ECC checkbits. Marking invalid blocks can be performed by software operating on aset of bits contained within the block management data. In variousembodiments, this software may also provide the ECC code if theprocessor does not include ECC hardware.

In various embodiments of SLC NAND memory, the data in the spare areacan be programmed with the host sectors or separately. For example,allocation management information or block management information andECC check bits may be programmed first before the data arrives from thehost. Additionally, ECC check bits for host data may be programmed atthe same time as the host data.

In various embodiments of MLC NAND memory, the spare area data must beprogrammed at the same time as the host data. Additionally, a whole pagemay be programmed at the same time. The block management data can bedetermined before the host sectors are received at a buffer, but may notbe programmed until the host data is programmed. In several embodiments,the block management is added to one of the host sectors as the sectorsare streamed through an ECC circuit before the host data is programmedinto the memory. Consequently, no additional time is necessary comparedto separately performing error correction for the block management data.

In various embodiments of the memory system 200 shown in FIG. 2, theread and program operation procedures take place on a page basis (e.g.,528 bytes at a time as opposed to a byte or word basis that is performedin NOR flash memories). Additionally, the erase operation takes place ona block basis. In operation, during a page read operation in variousembodiments, a page of 528 bytes is transferred from memory into thedata register for output. In a page program operation, a page of 528bytes is written into the data register and then programmed into thememory array. Also, in a block erase operation, a group of consecutivepages may be erased in a single operation.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of a NAND flash memory array 300,according to various embodiments of the invention. Memory array 300 doesnot show all of the elements typically used in a memory array. Forexample, only three bit-lines are shown (BL1, BL2 and BL32) while thenumber of bit-lines employed actually depends on the memory density. Thebit-lines are subsequently referred to as (BL1-BL32).

The NAND memory includes an array 300 of floating gate memory cells 301arranged in series of strings 304, 305. Each of the floating gate memorycells 301 may be coupled drain to source in each series string 304, 305.A word line (WL0-WL31) that spans across multiple series strings 304,305 is coupled to the control gates of every floating gate cell in a rowin order to control their operation. The bit-lines (BL1-BL32) areeventually coupled to sense amplifiers (not shown) that detect the stateof each cell 301.

In operation, the word-lines (WL0-WL31) select the individual floatinggate memory cells in series strings 304, 305 that are to be written toor read from and operate the remaining floating gate memory cells ineach series string 304, 305 in a pass-through mode. Each series string304, 305 of floating gate memory cells is coupled to a source line 306by a source select gate 316, 317 and to an individual bit-line(BL1-BL32) by a drain select gate 312, 313. The source select gates 316,317 are controlled by a source select gate control line SG(S) 318coupled to their control gates. The drain select gates 312, 313 arecontrolled by a drain select control line SG(D) 314.

Each cell can be programmed as a single bit per or multiple bits percell. SLC allows programming a single bit per cell, and MLCs allowprogramming multiple bits per cell. Each cell's threshold voltage(V_(t)) determines the data that is stored in the cell. For example, ina single bit per cell architecture, a V_(t) of 1V might indicate aprogrammed cell while a V_(t) of −1V might indicate an erased cell. Themultilevel cells have more than two V_(t) windows, each indicating adifferent state. MLCs take advantage of the analog nature of atraditional flash cell by assigning a bit pattern to a specific voltagerange stored on the cell. This technology permits the storage of two ormore bits per cell, depending on the quantity of voltage ranges assignedto the cell.

For example, a cell may be assigned four different voltage V_(t)distributions, each having a width of approximately 200 mV. In variousembodiments, a separation of 0.3V to 0.5V is assigned between each V_(t)distribution range as well. This separation zone between the V_(t)distributions is established so that the multi V_(t) distributions donot overlap causing logic errors. During verification, if the voltagestored on the cell is sensed to be within the 01 high V_(t)distribution, then the cell is storing a 01. If the voltage is withinthe 00 second highest distribution, the cell is storing a 00. Thiscontinues for as many ranges (levels) as are used for the cell.

During a programming operation, the selected word line (WL) for theflash memory cell to be programmed is supplied with a train of highvoltage programming pulses. The high voltage programming pulsestypically start at 16V and increment in 0.5V increments. A 10Vnon-incrementing, high voltage pulse is applied on the unselected WLs.

To inhibit selected cells from programming on the selected WLs, in oneembodiment, the channel of the inhibited cell is decoupled from thebit-line (BL) by applying ˜1.3V on the BL. To program selected cells onthe selected WL, the channel is grounded to 0V through the BL. The largepotential formed between the channel and the WL is designed to cause thecell to program and the V_(t) of the device will increase as higherprogramming pulses are applied.

In various embodiments, between every programming pulse, a verificationphase is performed. During verification, the selected WL is lowered to0V, the unselected WLs are lowered to 5V, and the states of the selectedcells are sensed. If the cell is programmed to have a V_(t) level suchthat the 0V on the WL does not induce the device to conduct, the deviceis considered to be programmed. Otherwise, the cell is considered to beerased and the programming pulse height is increased by 0.5V and appliedto the selected WL again. This process is repeated until all selectedcells to be programmed have indeed been programmed.

A typical memory block may comprise 64 logical pages. The 64 logicalpages can be formed with 32 physical WLs. Each WL may contain 2 logicalpages. For example, there may be 4Kbit cells on a WL. Of these, 2Kbitsmay be dedicated to one page that shares the same WL with another 2Kbitpage. If every cell is used in a multi V_(t) distribution level modethen a WL with the described configuration will hold 4 pages having2Kbits per page. When one of these pages is being programmed, the secondpage on the same WL will experience a disturb condition even though itis inhibited. Therefore pages with shared WLs can experience programmingdisturb. The programming disturb caused on the shared WL will shift theV_(t) distribution of cells that are previously programmed in the secondpage that is on the same WL and make their distribution wider. Fornon-volatile memory devices that use two levels per cell this may not bea major problem, since the separation zone between the two distributionsmay be large enough to prevent the distributions from overlapping due tothe disturb condition. However, for MLC operations, where a single cellis used to represent 2 bits or 4 levels per physical single cell, theseparation zone is reduced and reducing the disturb condition becomesdesirable in order to prevent V_(t) distributions from overlapping orshifting.

FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram 400 showing the distribution of thresholdvoltages of the NAND flash memory array of FIG. 3, according to variousembodiments of the invention. The distribution of threshold voltages indiagram 400 shows that each memory cell stores two bits of data, namelyfour data states. Diagram 400 includes a y-axis 402 representingthreshold voltage and an x-axis 404 having curves 406, 408, 410 and 412representing the logical levels in a memory cell. Curve 406 representsthe distribution of the threshold levels V_(t) of the cells within array122 (see FIG. 1) that are in the erased state being in negativethreshold voltages. Curves 408 and 410 are shown to represent thresholdvoltage distributions for storing “10” and “00”, respectively.Additionally, curve 408 is between 0V and 1V and curve 410 is between 1Vand 2V. Curve 412 shows the distribution of cells that have beenprogrammed to the “01” state as being in the highest threshold voltagelevel set to more than 2V and less than 4.5V.

Each of the two bits stored in a single memory cell, as described in theabove example, is from a different logical page. That is, each bit ofthe two bits stored in each memory cell carries a different logical pageaddress from the other. The lower page bit shown in FIG. 4 is accessedwhen an even page address (0, 2, 4, . . . N/2) is requested. The upperpage bit is accessed when an odd page address (1, 3, 5, . . . [N/2+1])is requested. In order to provide improved reliability, individualdistributions may be reduced, thereby providing greater read margins.

In a read operation, the word line of a target (selected) memory cellcan be maintained at a low voltage level. All unselected cell word linescan be coupled to a voltage sufficiently high to activate the unselectedcells regardless of their floating gate charges. If the selected cellhas an uncharged floating gate, it is activated. The bit line and sourceline are then coupled through the series of memory cells in the array.If the selected cell has a charged floating gate, it will not activate.The bit line and source lines in that case are not coupled through theseries of memory cells.

Some NAND flash memory devices contain initial bad blocks within thememory array (block). These bad blocks may be marked as bad by themanufacturer, indicating that they should not be used in any system.Additionally, the NAND device can degrade and wear out thereby resultingin more bad blocks being generated during normal device operation.Moreover, bit errors can occur during NAND flash device operation orduring long periods of inactivity. Consequently, the NAND flash memorymay be provided with an ECC feature to ensure data integrity.

NAND flash memory may include extra storage termed “spare area” on eachpage. In various embodiments, the spare area includes 64 bytes (16 bytesper 512 byte sector). In various embodiments, the spare area is used tostore information such as the ECC and block management data used forstoring bad block information and wear-leveling or logical-to-physicalblock mapping. Wear-leveling includes translating a logical memoryaddress to different physical memory addresses each time a file isprogrammed. Wear-leveling spreads NAND flash memory-cell use over theentire range of the memory array, thereby equalizing use of all thememory cells, and helping extend the life of the device. This operationmay be monitored and implemented by a controller connected to the NANDflash memory device.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of system 500 showing an apparatusfor error correction, according to various embodiments of the invention.System 500 includes a host 502, a buffer 504, an error correction system518, a direct memory access controller (DMA) 520 and a flash memory 522.Error correction system 518 includes an error correction check bitsgenerator 506, a block management data block 508, a first multiplexer510, a syndrome generator 512, an error correcting module 514, and asecond multiplexer 516. In various embodiments, system 500 comprises aNAND flash memory controller implemented in software, hardware or acombination of the two. The controller of system 500 may be similar toor identical to the control circuit 126 of FIG. 1 In variousembodiments, buffer 504 is coupled to host 502 through a multi-mediacard interface (not shown). In various embodiments, error correctionsystem 518 is implemented in a NAND flash controller hardware (notshown). Error correction can be performed in hardware or software. Theerror correction system 518 may be similar to or identical to the errorcorrection system 130 of FIG. 1.

As shown in FIG. 5, host 502 is coupled to buffer 504 and DMA 520 iscoupled to flash memory 522. Both buffer 504 and DMA 520 are configuredto send and receive data from host 502 and flash memory 522respectively. In various embodiments, transfer of data to and from host502 and flash memory 522 is performed through an 8-bit- or 16-bit-widebidirectional data bus. Output of buffer 504 is coupled to the inputs oferror correcting module 514, error correction check bits generator 506and first multiplexer 510. Output of first multiplexer 510 is coupled toan input of DMA 520. Output of DMA 520 is coupled to the inputs ofsyndrome generator 512, block management module 508 and secondmultiplexer 516.

In several embodiments, block management module 508 stores informationregarding bad blocks (invalid blocks) and their locations within thememory block. Invalid blocks can be sorted into two groups, namely,inherent invalid blocks, and acquired invalid blocks. Inherent invalidblocks arise during the manufacturing process of the NAND device. On theother hand, acquired invalid blocks are not identified by thefactory—these blocks originate at a customer site as a result of wear.Worn-out blocks are marked as invalid and no longer accessed if there iseither a block erase or a page program failure. Acquired invalid blocksare usually marked in the same way as the inherent invalid blocks. Blockmanagement data block 508 is coupled to error correcting module 514 anderror correction check bits generator 506 to send and receive data fromerror correcting module 514 and error correction check bits generator506. Output of second multiplexer 516 is coupled to an input of buffer504.

In various embodiments, when a data word from host 502 is to be writteninto flash memory 522, the word is initially stored in buffer 504 aspart of a page. In various embodiments, a page contains a series ofsectors that has information from host 502 that is stored as bits ofinformation. In various embodiments, when an instruction is receivedfrom a controller (not shown) to program the page into flash memory 522,error correction check bits are generated at error correction check bitsgenerator 506 for each of the sectors contained within the page (exceptperhaps for the last sector of the page). The last sector of the pagemay be combined with the block management data provided by blockmanagement module 508 to form a modified sector. Error correction checkbits are generated for the modified sector. The series of sectors otherthan the last sector, the modified sector, and their corresponding errorcorrection bits are stored as a page in flash memory 522 as shown inFIGS. 7A-C.

In various embodiments, when a data word is read back from flash memory522, the stored error correction check bits in the page are recomputedand compared to the stored error correction check bits read from flashmemory 522. If a discrepancy is found as a result of the comparison,this indicates that an error has occurred. The result of such acomparison is called a syndrome and is generated at syndrome generator512. If it is found that the syndrome is zero, it may be determined thatthere were no errors. If the syndrome is non-zero, it may be used toidentify which data bits or ECC bits are in error, or to determine thatthe error is uncorrectable. In various embodiments, if the syndrome isnon-zero, it can be used to index a table to determine which bits are inerror. In various embodiments, this table lookup stage is implemented inhardware and in other embodiments it is implemented in software.

In several embodiments, the type of error correction codes implementedand the extent of error protection required in a given system depends onthe type of data to be stored and the type of NAND flash technology used(SLC or MLC). In various embodiments, the error correcting codes usedmay include any one or more of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH),Reed-Solomon (RS), Hamming, Golay, Reed-Muller, Goppa, and Dennistoncodes. In several embodiments, eight single bit errors may be correctedin any given sector using error correction codes. In variousembodiments, sixteen single bit errors may be corrected in any givensector using error correction codes.

FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of a method of programming a page in a NANDflash memory, according to various embodiments. Method 600 begins atblock 602 to program a page. Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, it can beseen that method 600 may include at block 604 sending a program commandalong with a page address to flash memory 522. Method 600 may include atblock 606 transferring one sector from host 502 to buffer 504. Method600 may include at block 608 transferring the sectors stored in buffer504 one at a time through the ECC logic in error correction system 518to flash memory 522.

Method 600 may include at block 610 determining whether the sector isthe last sector of the page. If the sector is determined to be the lastsector then the method proceeds to block 614. If the sector isdetermined not to be the last sector then the method proceeds back toblock 612 where the ECC bytes for the corresponding sector aretransferred to flash memory 522.

Method 600 may include at block 614 clocking block management datathrough ECC logic and then to flash memory 522. Method 600 may includeat block 616 transferring ECC redundancy bytes corresponding to the lastsector and the block management data to flash memory 522. Method 600 mayinclude at block 618 sending program confirm command to flash memory 522in order to program the page. Method 600 may include at block 620receiving the program confirm status from flash memory 522.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate data structures of page 700 and 720respectively showing ECC check bits combined with four sectors and blockmanagement data, according to various embodiments. As shown in FIG. 7A,page 700 includes fields 702-710. Fields 702, 704, 706 and 708 representsectors containing data bits. Fields 703, 705, 707 and 709 correspond toECC check bits generated for sectors 702, 704, 706 and 708,respectively. Field 710 includes block management data. In variousembodiments, fields 702, 704, 706 and 708 collectively contain data tobe transferred from host 502 to flash memory 522. In variousembodiments, fields 702, 704, 706 and 708 include 512 bytes ofinformation. In several embodiments, fields 703, 705, 707 and 709include 13 bytes of ECC check codes. In various embodiments, blockmanagement data 710 includes 12 bytes of block management information.

As shown in FIG. 7B, page 720 includes fields 722-730. Fields 722, 724,726 and 728 represent sectors containing data bits. Fields 723, 725, 727and 729 correspond to ECC check bits generated for sectors 722, 724, 726and 728, respectively. Field 730 includes block management data. Invarious embodiments, fields 722, 724, 726 and 728 collectively containdata transferred from host device 502 into flash memory 522. In variousembodiments, fields 722, 724, 726 and 728 include 512 bytes ofinformation. In several embodiments, fields 723, 725, 727 and 729include 13 bytes of ECC check codes. In various embodiments, blockmanagement data 730 includes 10 bytes of block management information.

FIG. 7C illustrates a data structure of page 740 showing ECC combinedwith eight sectors and block management data, according to variousembodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 7C, page 740 includesfields 741, 742 . . . 759. Fields 741, 742 . . . 748 represent sectorscontaining data bits. Fields 751, 752 . . . 758 correspond to ECC checkbits generated for sectors 741, 742 . . . 748, respectively. Field 759includes block management data. In various embodiments, sector fields741, 742 . . . 748 collectively contain data transferred from hostdevice 502 into flash memory 522. In various embodiments, sectors 741,742 . . . 748 includes 512 bytes of information. In several embodiments,fields 751, 752 . . . 758 includes 26 bytes of ECC check bits. Invarious embodiments, field 730 includes 10 bytes of block managementinformation.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram showing a method 800 to perform errorcorrection in a NAND flash memory, according to various embodiments.Method 800 may include at block 802 generating error correction data foreach of a plurality of sectors of a page except for one or more selectedsectors in the page. Method 800 may include at block 804 combining ablock management data with the selected sector(s) to generate a modifiedsector. Method 800 may include at block 806 generating error correctiondata for the modified sector.

Method 800 may include at block 808 combining the plurality of sectors,the error correction data for each of the plurality of sectors otherthan the selected sectors, the block management data and the errorcorrection data for the modified sector.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram showing a method 900 to perform errorcorrection in a NAND flash memory, according to various embodiments.Method 900 may include at block 902 storing a plurality of data sectorsand a block management data in a multi-level cell flash memory.

Method 900 may include at block 904 combining the block management datawith at least one of a plurality of data sectors to generate a combinedblock management data sector.

Method 900 may include at block 906 generating an error correction datafor each of the plurality of data sectors other than the at least one ofthe plurality of data sectors used to generate the combined blockmanagement data sector.

Method 900 may include at block 908 generating a combined blockmanagement error correction data for the combined block management datasector.

Method 900 may include at block 910 combining the plurality of datasectors, the block management data, the error correction data for eachof the plurality of data sectors and the combined block management errorcorrection data.

Implementing the apparatus, systems, and methods described herein mayresult in a better error correction function available for NAND flashmemories. Additionally, there may be appreciable savings in the time forerror correction operation and memory used for error correction.

The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof show, by way ofillustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which thesubject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated aredescribed in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art topractice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may beutilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logicalsubstitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scopeof this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to betaken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments isdefined only by the appended claims and the full range of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled.

Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein individually or collectively by the term “invention” merely forconvenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of thisapplication to any single invention or inventive concept, if more thanone is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have beenillustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achievethe same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown.This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations orvariations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodimentsand other embodiments not specifically described herein will be apparentto those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.

Voltage magnitudes for “low” logic signals and “high” logic signals arenormally not defined since they can have a variety of relative valuesincluding negative voltages and positive voltages. “High” and “low”logic signals are defined only by their relationship to one another inrepresenting binary values. Typically, a “high” logic signal has avoltage level or potential higher than a “low” logic signal, or the“low” signal may have a different polarity or negative polarity than the“high” signal. As those skilled in the art well understand, in somelogic systems, a “high” logic value may even be represented by a groundpotential when the relative “low” logic value is represented by anegative voltage potential in reference to ground.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R.§1.72(b) requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quicklyascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted withthe understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit thescope or meaning of the claims. In the foregoing Detailed Description,various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for thepurpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is notto be interpreted to require more features than are expressly recited ineach claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may be found in less thanall features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claimsare hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claimstanding on its own as a separate embodiment.

CONCLUSION

Various embodiments have been described here as a mechanism forprogramming system management data in a memory device. The programmingmay be conducted internally using an error correction module coupledbetween a buffer and a direct memory access. In various embodiments, thememory device includes an MLC NAND device.

1. A method comprising: receiving data for storage in a memory;combining block management data with a portion of the data forming acombined portion; generating error correction data for the combinedportion; storing, in the memory, the data, the block management data,the error correction data for the combined portion, and error correctiondata for the data.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the methodincludes, with the data arranged in a page format with a plurality ofsectors per page, adding the block management to one sector of the dataas the sectors of the data are streamed from a host through an errorcorrecting code (ECC) circuit to the memory.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein the sectors of data are directed to the error correcting code(ECC) circuit from a buffer that receives the data from the host tostore in the memory.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein combining blockmanagement data with a portion of the data includes, with the dataarranged in a page format with a plurality of sectors per page, addingthe block management to a last sector of a page of the data.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the method includes using an error correctingcode to generate the error correction data for the combined portion, theerror correcting code including one or more of aBose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) code, a Reed-Solomon (RS) code, aHamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Muller code, a Goppa code, or aDenniston code.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the method includesperforming an error correction code (ECC) operation on the data using amemory controller.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein storing, in thememory, the data, the block management data, the error correction datafor the combined portion, and error correction data for the dataincludes storing the data in a data area of a page in a memory block ofthe memory and storing the block management data, the error correctiondata for the combined portion, and the error correction data for thedata in a spare area of the page.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein thememory includes a NAND flash memory.
 9. An apparatus comprising: a errorcorrection system having an output and having a block management modulecoupled to an error correcting module, the block management modulearranged to provide the error correcting module with block managementdata combined with a portion of received data, the received data to bestored in a memory array in a memory, the error correcting moduleconstructed to generate error correction data for the block managementdata combined with the portion of the received data, the output arrangedto provide, to the memory array, the received data, the block managementdata, the error correction data error correction data for the blockmanagement data combined with the portion of the received data, anderror correction data for the received data.
 10. The apparatus of claim9, wherein the error correction system and the memory array are disposedin the memory.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the apparatusincludes a buffer coupled to the error correction system to provide theerror correction system with the received data.
 12. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the apparatus includes a direct memory access coupledto the error correction system to provide, to the memory array from theoutput, the received data, the block management data, the errorcorrection data error correction data for the block management datacombined with the portion of the received data, and the error correctiondata for the received data.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein theblock management module is configured, with the received data arrangedin a page format with a plurality of sectors per page, to provide blockmanagement data for each page of received data, the block managementdata combined with a last sector of each page of received data.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the error correction system includes anerror correction check bits module to generate error correction checkbits for the block management data combined with the portion of thereceived data according to an error correcting code.
 15. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the apparatus includes the memory arranged as blocksof pages, a page arranged with a data area to store the received dataand arranged with a spare area to store the block management data, theerror correction data error correction data for the block managementdata combined with the portion of the received data, and the errorcorrection data for the received data.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15,wherein the apparatus includes a controller to access the memory array.17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the controller includes a memorycontroller to access the memory array.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15,wherein the apparatus includes: a host having a processor to access thememory array; and a buffer coupled to the host and coupled to the errorcorrection system such that the received data is provided to the bufferunder control of the processor, the buffer arranged to send the receiveddata to the error correction system.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18,wherein an output of the buffer is coupled to an error correctingmodule, an error correction check bits generator, and a multiplexer ofthe error correction system, an output of the multiplexer arranged asthe output of the error correction system.
 20. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the memory includes a NAND flash memory.